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The
Blue Guitar

David Hockney’s The Blue Guitar etchings echo narrative threads from Wallace Stevens' 1936 poem, The Man with the Blue Guitar, and the 1903 Picasso painting, The Old Guitarist, which it was inspired by. Drawing thematic rather than narrative threads from the poem, Hockney represents them in a style inspire by Picasso, resulting in a series of uncanny dreamscapes and prints.

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Meaning & Analysis

Drawing visual inspiration from Picasso, Hockney’s The Blue Guitar etchings are based on Wallace Stevens’ 1936 poem, The Man with the Blue Guitar. It was here that he came across Wallace Stevens’s 1936 poemThe Man with the Blue Guitar which had been inspired by a 1903 painting by Picasso entitled The Old Guitarist. Hockney decided to base a series of works on the poems and described how the “etchings themselves were not conceived as literal illustrations of the poem but as an interpretation of its themes in visual terms. Like the poem, they are about transformations within art as well as the relation between reality and the imagination, so these are pictures and different styles of representation juxtaposed and reflected and dissolved within the same frame”.

Hockney had adored Picasso since he first saw his paintings in a retrospective at the Tate in 1960 which he visited eight times. In 1973, when Picasso died, Hockney was invited to contribute to a series of prints inspired by the painter and he ended up going to Paris to work under the tutelage of Aldo Crommelynck, Picasso's master printer. It was in Crommelynck’s studio that Hockney learned to use the sugar lift aquatint technique which was favoured by Picasso to create coloured etchings such as those in the present series.

As well as adopting Picasso’s printmaking technique for this portfolio, Hockney also tried the Cubist perspective on for size in a move that would inform much of his later work, including series such as Moving Focus and his photo collages. In this way he demonstrates his fluency in the languages of style and printmaking, cherry picking from earlier movements and masters to invent something entirely new. Speaking on this ability, critic Gert Schiff said, “The history of art is a history of appropriations. [Hockney] has been able to adapt his reading of Picasso's art to his own very different representational problems and has thereby created works that are fresh, innovative, and personal.”

10 Facts About David Hockney’s The Blue Guitar

A mixture of sketches, including a man wearing a suit and a guitar outlined in blue

The Poet © David Hockney 1977

1. Hockney's The Blue Guitar series is inspired by thematic elements from Wallace Stevens' poem

Stevens’ poem, The Man with the Blue Guitar (1937), explores the relationship between art and reality, using the metaphor of a blue guitar to represent the transformative power of artistic imagination. Drawing thematic, as opposed to narrative, threads from the poem, Hockney explores themes of transformation and reality vs imagination.

Two abstract figures made out of shapes, sitting across from each other at a table

Figures With Still Life © David Hockney 1977

2. Hockney took inspiration from Picasso’s Cubist style

Inspired by Picasso, Hockney explored Cubist perspectives, this approach highlighting his skill in blending different stylistic elements and artistic methods to create original and innovative art. Critic Gert Schiff noted that Hockney’s ability to adapt Picasso's techniques to his own unique representational challenges demonstrates the ongoing evolution of art through appropriation and reinterpretation.

abstract objects surrounding five vertical lines of varying colours

I Say They Are © David Hockney 1977

3. Hockney adopted Picasso’s sugar-lift aquatint technique to produce this series

Hockney had admired Picasso since first encountering his works at a Tate retrospective in 1960. Following Picasso's death in 1973, Hockney was invited to contribute to a series of prints inspired by the artist, and travelled to Paris to work with Aldo Crommelynck, Picasso's master printer. Here, he learned Picasso’s favoured technique, the sugar lift aquatint technique, and it was this technique which Hockney used to create the coloured etchings in this series.

A sketch of a guitar above lines of text

The Blue Guitar (frontispiece) © David Hockney 1977

4. Within this series, Hockney incorporates direct references to Picasso alongside his own distinctive pieces

The first plate in the series is a direct reproduction of Picasso's 1903 The Old Guitarist, capturing the essence of Picasso's Blue Period. Hockney enhances this homage by applying an indigo wash to amplify the painting's melancholy mood. Following this introduction, Hockney shifts back to his distinctive style, characterised by lighter and more sparse compositions that often appear surreal or absurd, such as It Picks Its Way (1977) and Discord Merely Magnifies (`977).

Abstract symbols create the backdrop to a chair and table

Tick It, Tock It, Turn It True © David Hockney 1977

5. The compositions within The Blue Guitar series are filled with strange symbols

Hockney’s unusual compositions are rich with enigmatic symbols, providing a dreamlike connection to Wallace Stevens' poetry. Hockney, who had previously drawn inspiration from other poets, first explored this approach with his 1967 series Illustrations for Fourteen Poems by C.P. Cavafy, a loose interpretation of the Greek poet's work. Even earlier, in 1961, Hockney produced the print titled Myself and My Heroes, featuring himself alongside American poet Walt Whitman and Gandhi.

Text covered in splashes of red and blue paint

Made In April © David Hockney 1977

6. The Blue Guitar series demonstrates the influence of literature on Hockney’s work

This series illustrates Hockney's return to art history and literature for inspiration, reflecting his relentless curiosity and desire to master new techniques. It highlights his skill in becoming both a distinguished printmaker and a literary artist, all while maintaining his signature wit and playfulness.

An abstract, long, multi-coloured line running through a frame

It Picks Its Way © David Hockney 1977

7. Hockney plays with perspective to emphasise the dreamlike themes within Stevens’ poem

Hockney plays with perspective in this series, often distorting and fragmenting the space within the compositions, seen in pieces such as A Moving Still Life (1977) and In A Chiaroscuro (1977). This technique adds to the surreal and dreamlike quality of the images.

Abstract shapes on a blue-wash background

A Picture Of Ourselves © David Hockney 1977

8. The Blue Guitar presents a dominant blue palette

True to its title, this series features a dominant blue palette. The various shades of blue evoke different moods and atmospheres across the prints, evident in pieces including A Picture Of Ourselves (1977) and What Is This Picasso (1976).

A variety of abstract images, including a dog and a human head

Discord Merely Magnifies © David Hockney 1977

9. A Picture Of Ourselves © David Hockney 1977

The series has been exhibited worldwide in venues including the Tate, London, the Museum of Modern Art, New York, and The Centre Pompidou, Paris. His series is considered one of Hockney's most important works, and marked a significant period in his career when he was deeply engaged with printmaking.

A music sheet with abstract shapes sketched over

Parade © David Hockney 1977

10. Hockney’s The Blue Guitar series title is a metaphor

The title The Blue Guitar refers not only to Stevens’ poem, but also to the idea of the artist’s tool, in this case the guitar, as a metaphor for the creative process. The blue guitar becomes a symbol of artistic imagination.